Silicosis is a lung condition caused by inhaling tiny particles of silica, a mineral commonly found in rocks, sand, and stones. When working with materials containing silica, dust can form and be inhaled into the lungs, leading to inflammation and scarring, which makes breathing harder. Silicosis usually develops after long-term exposure to silica dust, typically over a period of 10 or more years, but it can also occur after shorter exposures to high levels of silica over a few months or years.
Who gets silicosis?
Individuals exposed to silica dust in their work environment are at risk of developing silicosis. This includes occupations such as construction and demolition, mining and quarrying, stone masonry, sandblasting, and specific manufacturing processes. In recent years, silicosis has been increasingly diagnosed in workers who cut, grind, or polish engineered or artificial stone for countertops, with many cases involving severe disease. Engineered or artificial stone, composed primarily of silica, generates significant amounts of silica dust during these activities.
Symptoms
In its early stages, silicosis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms usually worsen, even if the individual is no longer exposed to silica dust (Figure 1). Common symptoms include:
- Persistent cough that doesn’t improve
- Breathing difficulties
- Pain in the chest or back
Getting diagnosed
If you suspect you may have silicosis, inform your healthcare provider about your current and past occupations, as symptoms can appear years after exposure. Diagnostic tests for silicosis include a chest X-ray and a lung function test. A CT scan of the chest offers a more detailed view of the lungs compared to an X-ray and can identify the disease in its earlier stages. In certain cases, a small lung tissue sample may be taken to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
Currently, silicosis has no cure, as lung scarring is irreversible. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Inhalers may help reduce coughing and improve breathing difficulties. Some patients may benefit from medications that slow inflammation and scarring, such as steroids, antifibrotics, or biologics. For those with advanced silicosis and low oxygen levels, supplemental oxygen may be beneficial. In severe cases, lung transplantation might be an option.
It is essential for individuals with silicosis to minimize or avoid further exposure to silica whenever possible.
UCSF is developing research studies to understand the science behind silicosis and possible treatment strategies.
Complications from silicosis
Individuals with silicosis are at risk of developing lung infections, including tuberculosis, bacterial, or fungal infections. These infections can cause symptoms such as persistent cough with phlegm, weight loss, fever, and chills.
Silicosis is also associated with a higher likelihood of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and myositis, where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues. Symptoms such as joint pain, muscle aches, or rashes should prompt evaluation for these related conditions.
Additionally, silicosis increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and chronic kidney disease.
Diagnosis of silicosis may be delayed until one of these complications arises. Misdiagnosis is common, as many healthcare providers may mistake silicosis for conditions like lung infections, autoimmune-related lung disease, or COPD.